A subset of craniofacial pain disorders known as temporomandibular disorders involve pain and dysfunction of the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and related musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck. Of all the causes of orofacial discomfort, it is the most prevalent one.

The study's objectives are to examine current research on TMJ dysfunction from the perspectives of neurobiology, neurophysiology, and hardware diagnostics, as well as to compare our own neurophysiological and diagnostic data to that of young patients who initially exhibit TMJ dysfunction.

Individuals with normal occlusion have distinct structural aspects of the dentofacial system that characterize different types of growth. Individuals with horizontal growth rotate their lower facial points counter-clockwise (7.4% for sn, 6.3% for sm, and 6.0% for pg). A drop of 43.8% in the po-n/NTA measure suggests considerable rotation of the submental line. Furthermore, the upper lip is 4.4% more prominent, which is indicative of horizontal expansion. Simultaneously, there is a 3.4% decrease in the Garson's index, indicating a mesoprosopic face in the neutral type of growth and a euryprosopic face in the horizontal type. The study backs up the use of individual norms in orthodontic treatment planning and diagnosis.

The functional status of the masticatory muscles in individuals with distal dentition ratio – both without their decrease and in conjunction with partial tooth loss – is examined, and the findings are presented in this article. It has been demonstrated that individuals experiencing partial tooth loss have more marked alterations in their muscular activity.

The study's objective was to determine, using cutting-edge research techniques, the relationship between the masticatory muscles' structural and functional state and the kind of growth of the facial skull. For the study, 48 participants with normal occlusion between the ages of 18 and 25 were chosen. Based on the lateral cephalogram analysis in the lateral projection, all investigated individuals were categorized into three groups: neutral, vertical, and horizontal, based on the kind of growth of the facial skull. X-rays were converted to digital format via the "ViSurgery" web service. Every individual underwent a functional examination using the "Maximum bite force in the dentition" test, myotonometry, electromyography, and ultrasonography of the masticatory muscles while the muscles were at a relative physiological rest. The Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were utilized for statistical data processing techniques related to descriptive statistics. The primary findings of the research demonstrated the presence of a significant number of high correlations between the type of growth of the facial skull and markers of the functional activity of the masticatory muscles, as well as the symmetric distribution of the studied issues, which indicates the steady activity of the masticatory muscles.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment of patients with distal and deep incisal occlusion using a new 2-stage protocol, which includes the use of a non-removable device for uncoupling and correcting occlusion (Tugarin's device) followed by the use of removable orthodontic caps (aligners).

Dental abnormalities in children are very common at the moment. The development of occlusion abnormalities is facilitated by negative conditions, including early extraction of temporary teeth, loss of breastfeeding, and recurrent acute respiratory viral infections. The processes underlying occlusion abnormalities' development are preserved if there is no trend for their prevalence to decrease as a person grows older. Children should have orthodontic treatment using contemporary techniques that are economical, efficient, and do not compromise the child's quality of life in accordance with current trends. Enhancing early orthodontic treatment techniques will lower the incidence of dental abnormalities and the later development of these conditions.

Unlike other less invasive surgical methods, corticotomy by micro-osteoperforation allows an orthodontist to perform complex orthodontic movements more quickly and simply using readily available orthodontic devices. It also solves most of the issues associated with standard surgical methods. The objective is to assess the efficacy of the micro-osteoperforation (MOP) technique in adult patients whose anterior group of lower jaw teeth is crowded. Ten patients with crowded anterior mandibular teeth were divided into two groups at random: MOP/I and MOP/II. On the day of brace attachment and on the 28th day of treatment, patients in the MOP/I group underwent manipulation once, whereas those in the MOP/II group underwent manipulation twice. Using a CBC tomography, the thickness of bone tissue was measured in the vicinity of teeth 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 at 3, 6 and 8 mm from the enamel-cement border in the apical direction. An anthropometric analysis of plaster models of the jaws was done throughout this investigation. It was decided what the Little index was. The outcomes demonstrated that orthodontic treatment was completed 1.4 times quicker for patients in the MOP/II group than for patients in the other group.The research that was done has proved the effectiveness of this procedure, which also provides a number of benefits.

The present study shows us literature review on usage of infra-zygomatic crest orthodontic miniscrews (IZC). Distalization of the maxillary dentition supported by orthodontic miniscrews inserted in the infra-zygomatic crest is one of the main treatment options for distal occlusion due to mesial displacement of the lateral group of teeth. With the help of direct bone support on orthodontic miniscrews, clinicians receive a sufficient level of anchorage, which ensures successful bodily movement of the lateral group of teeth posteriorly, without side effects to the frontal group of teeth in comparison with Distal Jet type appliances. A clear understanding of the studied data will allow orthodontists to treat patients with mesial displacement of the lateral group of teeth in the upper jaw more effectively.

The aim of the study is to present an essay on the professional activity of Dominik Antonovich Kalvelis, who stood at the origins of Soviet dentistry and made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian orthodontics and orthopedic dentistry. It was noted that after the end of the Soviet Union, the change of priorities in medicine in general and in public health in particular, led to the fact that little attention was paid to the historical aspects of the development of medical clinical and fundamental disciplines. Many names of not only famous, but also prominent figures of medicine are unknown nowadays not only to students and clinical residents, but also to young teachers, including stomatological departments of medical universities of the country. The professional path of Professor Domenik Antonovich Kalvelis (1903-1988), who for many years (1940-1974) headed the chair of orthopedic dentistry at the Riga State Medical Institute in the Latvian SSR, was awarded with high honors, namely the honorary title of Honored Scientist and Honored Physician of the Latvian SSR, for a long time was the chief dentist of the Ministry of Health of the Latvian SSR. He made a huge and invaluable contribution to the formation of orthodontics in the USSR and the training of highly qualified orthodontic dentists. His especially bright work was the monograph "Orthodontics. Dental anomalies in clinic and experiment" (1964). The authors note that they would like not to forget the words of Prof. D.A. Kalvelis that clinical and practical orthodontics cannot be learned, it should be systematically studied on the basis of clinical experience, experimental studies and theoretical justifications of biomorphology, physics, mechanics. The predictions of D.A. Kalvelis that orthodontics should be considered not only a young science, but also a rapidly developing one, often in need of an activated surgical aid, have never come true. This is especially relevant in our days.