To date, dental diseases remain among the most prevalent pathologies globally. Impairedoral health manifests not only through pain and morphological changes but also through functionaldisturbances of the dentofacial system and compromised facial aesthetics. It is well-established that asmile signifi cantly influences social perception. Dissatisfaction with one’s appearance can lead topsychological distress and impaired social adaptation. Furthermore, disruptions in speech andnutrition often negatively affect social standing and overall quality of life. This literature reviewanalyzes research regarding the impact of quality of life, socio-economic factors, and psychologicalstatus on orthodontic treatment planning.

   The objective is to analyze studies investigating themultifaceted infl uence of these factors on the clinical decision-making process in orthodontics.

   Kinesiographic registration and evaluation of the temporal and linear parameters of mandibular movements during mastication were performed in patients with dental crowding and distal occlusion of the dental arches after orthodontic treatment. This study is a continuation of the first and second parts of the article "Kinesiographic Registration and Analysis of Mandibular Movements During Functional Masticatory Tests," which described the kinesiographic registration and evaluation of linear, temporal, and velocity parameters of mandibular movement during the recording of functional masticatory tests (free and forced mastication on the right and left sides) in individuals with physiological occlusion (Part I) and in patients with dental crowding combined with distal occlusion before orthodontic treatment (Part II).

   The objective of this study is to investigate the kinesiographic parameters of mandibular movements during mastication in individuals with dental crowding and distal occlusion after orthodontic treatment. The obtained data were compared with normative indicators and the results recorded prior to treatment.

   Currently, aesthetic requirements in dentistry and orthodontics are exceptionally high. Selecting the appropriate treatment and achieving a predictable outcome in patients with a gingival smile is impossible without a comprehensive knowledge of cephalometric parameters. Cephalometry is an accessible method for analyzing potential craniofacial features in patients with a "gingival smile," which can aid in determining the treatment strategy. The currently available data regarding the characteristics of patients with a gingival smile remain insuffi cient, which presents a distinct practical interest, particularly concerning patients of the Eastern European ethnic group. This article outlines the primary characteristic cephalometric parameters associated with this condition. Certain ambiguous and contradictory results are noteworthy, indicating the necessity for further research on this topic.

   The aim of the study is to develop a system of cephalometric indicators for the accurate diagnosis of patients with a gingival smile within the Eastern European population.

   The article describes a study involving the dynamic observation of 20 patients with distal occlusion undergoing orthodontic treatment combined with low-level laser therapy. Oral fluid samples were collected in the morning under fasting conditions. The concentrations of interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using commercial Vector-Best test systems at the following observation intervals: before treatment, at day 21, and at the third and fourth months. Analysis of the interleukin concentration dynamics revealed multidirectional shifts within the reference ranges. A statistically signifi cant decrease was observed by the fourth month for IL-6 (from 6.39 ± 0.87 to 4.81 ± 0.69 pg/ml) and IL-8 (from 89.77 ± 9.63 to 50.22 ± 9.98 pg/ml). A similar trend was identified for IL-4 and IL-10. At all control intervals, the indicators remained within physiological norms. The data obtained indicate the absence of a chronic infl ammatory reaction in response to low-level laser radiation during orthodontic treatment; this is confi rmed by cytokine level fluctuations within the reference values and a tendency toward decreased concentrations of pro-infl ammatory interleukins during the later observation periods.

   The aim of the study is to evaluate the nature of the oral infl ammatory reaction in response to low-level laser exposure during orthodontic treatment by analyzing the concentration dynamics of key proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8) and anti-infl ammatory (IL-4, IL-10) interleukins in the oral fluid.